The book by the prominent Spanish scripture scholar
Luis Alonso-Schokel called I Nomi Dell'Amore (The Names of Love) provides a
fascinating and spiritually rich look at marriage symbols in the bible. I’d
like to offer a brief summary of some of the insights of the chapter from that
book entitled "The Levirate."
Schokel begins by noticing 5 similar texts from the
New Testament all dealing with St. John the Baptist:
Matthew 3:11 he who is coming after me is mightier
than I, whose sandals I am not worthy to carry
Mark 1:7 After me comes he who is mightier than I,
the thong of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie
Luke 3:16 he who is mightier than I is coming, the
thong of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie; he will baptize you with the
Holy Spirit and with fire.
John 1:27 even he who comes after me, the thong of
whose sandal I am not worthy to untie.
Acts 13:25 after me one is coming, the sandals of
whose feet I am not worthy to untie.
Now any text repeated in all of the gospels (and
the book of Acts too) must have a grand significance. Most people will see it
as illustrating the humility of the Baptist, unworthy to untie the sandals of
the Lord, but several internal hints point to a deeper, more profound answer.
Schokel points out three textual clues:
1) In John 1:30 the Baptist speaks of Christ as,
"This is he of whom I said, `After me comes a man who ranks before me, for
he was before me.'" The word translated as "man" here is not the
Greek word "anthropos" usually translated as man, instead it is
"aner" a word, as Schokel points out, having more of a
"sexual" (in the sense of gender) or relational meaning. It isn't
man, but "male" (maschio in Italian); a male in relation to a female.
The passage would better be translated in English, "After me comes a male
who ranks before me." [John the Baptist is the "anthropos" - see
John 1:6, 3:27]. Schokel also points out the references in John 1-3 to Isaiah
40-66, esp. chapter 54:1-10, where Yahweh is referred to as the
Bridegroom/husband and in the LXX, the "aner")
2) At least in the synoptics the word
"unworthy" or "unfit" has a juridical sense. That word is
"ikanos" while John uses "axios." So it seems to be more of
unfitness according to some type of Judaic law, and with the use of
"aner" possibly a marital law.
3) Looking a few chapters down, we come to the last
words of John recorded in the gospel. In responding to questions as to who this
Jesus is, he responds, "You yourselves bear me witness, that I said, I am
not the Christ, but I have been sent before him. He who has the bride is the
bridegroom; the friend of the bridegroom, who stands and hears him, rejoices
greatly at the bridegroom's voice; therefore this joy of mine is now full"
(John 3:28-29). John here is challenging Israel's Messianic expectations - they
expect their Christ to come as a political leader, or a warrior, or even a
prophet like John the Baptist, but John says this is incorrect. He says that
the messiah will come as the Bridegroom of his bride Israel; ultimately that
Israel has the wrong expectations.
So keeping all of this in mind: the repeated
reference to untying of sandals, the "maleness" of Christ, the
juridical context, and the spousal-messianism John uses to describe the Christ,
Schokel (along with the Fathers) exegetes this text in light of the Levirate
Law in the Old Testament.
The Levirate Law (derived from Latin levir, meaning
"a husband's brother") is the name of an ancient custom ordained by
Moses, by which, when an Israelite died without issue, his surviving brother
was required to marry the widow, so as to continue his brother's family through
the son that might be born of that marriage (Gen 38:8; De 25:5-10 ) comp. (Ruth
3:1 4:10) Its object was "to raise up seed to the departed brother."
But if the surviving brother refused (for whatever reason) to marry the widow,
a rite called "Halizah" would occur. Deut 25:5-10 describes the
Levirate and Halizah:
"If brothers dwell together, and one of them
dies and has no offspring, the wife of the dead shall not be married outside
the family to a stranger; her husband's brother shall go in to her, and take
her as his wife, and perform the duty of a husband's brother to her.
And the first son whom she bears shall succeed to
the name of his brother who is dead, that his name may not be blotted out of
Israel. And if the man does not wish to take his brother's wife, then his
brother's wife shall go up to the gate to the elders, and say, `My husband's
brother refuses to perpetuate his brother's name in Israel; he will not perform
the duty of a husband's brother to me.' Then the elders of his city shall call
him, and speak to him: and if he persists, saying, `I do not wish to take her,'
then his brother's wife shall go up to him in the presence of the elders, and
pull his sandal off his foot, and spit in his face; and she shall answer and
say, `So shall it be done to the man who does not build up his brother's
house.' And the name of his house shall be called in Israel, The house of him
that had his sandal pulled off" (Deuteronomy 25:5-10).
The sandal is the key - the sandal is symbolic of
he who has the right to marriage. The one who wears the sandal is the
Bridegroom. As St. Cyprian said, this is why both Moses (Ex 3:2-6) and Joshua
(John 5:13-15) were told by Yaweh that they had to remove their sandals;
although they might have been prophets, they were not the one who had the right
to marry Israel the Bride. In saying that he is not fit (juridically) to remove
the sandal from Jesus' foot he is saying that Jesus is the bridegroom, he is
the one who has the right to marriage, not John - even though he came first.
"Even though he came first" - John admits
to this, being the precursor of the Messiah-Bridegroom, but he is not the one
that will marry the bride (as he is not the Messiah, as some of the Jews had
thought). To understand this better (and the entire Levirate process) one must
look to the book of Ruth. In it, the widow Ruth is set to marry her "next
of kin" via the levirate law, but Boaz arrived first to claim Ruth, It
does not matter though, the next of kin has first choice. But he decides to
pass up the marriage to Ruth, and gives her to Boaz. And in doing so he
"drew off his sandal" (Ruth 4:8). Even though John came first, Jesus
is the one with the right to the woman, and he opts for the marriage - and thus
does not remove his sandal. John will not be given the chance to take his
place.
This interpretation of these passages are not new,
as Schokel points out. Several of the Fathers, including Jerome, Cyprian, and
Gregory all see the Levirate law being referred to in the passages about John
the Baptist. As Jerome writes, "being as that Christ is the Bridegroom,
John the Baptist is not merited to untie the laces of the bridegroom's sandal, in
order that, according to the law of Moses (as seen with Ruth) his house will
not be called "the house of the un-sandaled," [a reference to the
refusal to carry on the name of the deceased brother].
So, if John is not the messiah-bridegroom, and is
unfit to untie the bridegroom's sandals, as the "friend of the groom"
- what is his duty, esp. in the Levirate context? The root of his mission
"to prepare the way of the Lord" can be found in Ruth 3:3 when the
elders tell Ruth before her wedding to "Wash therefore and anoint
yourself, and put on your best clothes." John's baptism of repentance is
done to prepare the bride for the wedding.
Liturgically, he cleans her from her impurities
(see also Ezekiel 16) preparing the bride "that he might sanctify her,
having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word" (Ephesians
5:26). To prepare Israel the Bride for her nuptial with Christ her bridegroom is
the heart of the Baptist's mission.
Now with all symbolism and typologies, it is hard
to "stretch" the analogy too far. But in order to get the full
meaning of Christ's fulfillment of the Old Testament, one has to twist symbols
around a bit. In order to do understand one other crucial aspect of the
Levirate, that of the "deceased" brother, we must be a bit creative,
and look at it from a different perspective. Christ marries his bride,
consummates his union with her, on the cross (see Eph 5) - but this leads to
his death. So he could be seen as the "dead husband." So who will be
the "brother" who takes his place in marrying his bride? For the
answer we must again turn to the gospel of John.
"When Jesus saw his mother, and the disciple
whom he loved standing near, he said to his mother, 'Woman, behold, your son!'
Then he said to the disciple, 'Behold, your mother!' And from that hour the
disciple took her to his own home" (John 19:26-27).
Jesus had no other brothers, so he gave his mother
to John - and thus in becoming her son, John (and all apostles and Christians
likewise) became Jesus' brother. But we cannot forget that on a different level
(see Rev 12) Mary is the "icon of the church," the bride - so John as
he becomes Jesus' brother, is given to the Church as her bridegroom. Here we have
what Schokel says might be seen as the "root of apostolic
succession." The Church is passed on from brother/apostle to
brother/apostle - yet the bride still keeps the name of her first husband, as
Paul writes, "Is Christ divided? Was Paul crucified for you? Or were you
baptized in the name of Paul?" (1 Corinthians 1:13). The name of the
husband is carried on by the generation of new sons, thus the brother through
his preaching of the word, causes the bride to become fruitful. Look to St.
Paul (a Jew well versed in the Law) again, "For though you have countless
guides in Christ, you do not have many fathers.
For I became your father in Christ Jesus through
the gospel" (1 Corinthians 4:15). The bishops/apostles have their charge
to carry on the name of Christ by preaching the gospel and celebrating the
sacraments - and in doing so the church/bride becomes church/mother and the
Levirate law is thus fulfilled in Jesus Christ.
....
Taken from: http://ourladyofwisdom.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/levirate.pdf
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